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___
LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AMET


CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MORBI BIBENDUM PHARETRA LOREM, ACCUMSAN SAN NULLA.




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LOREM IPSUM:
$150,000
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LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AMET
HTMLText_0B4B0DC1_11C0_6277_41A4_201A5BB3F7AE.html =
JOHN DOE
LICENSED REAL ESTATE SALESPERSON


Tlf.: +11 111 111 111
jhondoe@realestate.com
www.loremipsum.com



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LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AME
CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MORBI BIBENDUM PHARETRA LOREM, ACCUMSAN SAN NULLA.


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LOREM IPSUM:
$150,000
HTMLText_731CF57E_60BF_A2A1_41D7_B81B17089B91.html =
JOHN DOE
Licensed Real Estate Salesperson


Tlf.: +11 111 111 111
jhondoe@realestate.com
www.loremipsum.com



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A critical factor in maintaining well integrity and extending well life is to design well barrier elements to resist erosion. SwRI has expertise devising test programs to mimic the erosive properties of field installations considering anticipated well life and field sand concentrations. For these test programs, SwRI designed and operates three erosion flow test facilities to expose full-sized sand screens, sand screen coupons, and completion tools to abrasive flow with solid particulates. The erosion flow facilities are well-maintained in order to quickly and cost-effectively begin new testing projects for our customers.
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For temperature control, cooling coils run through the tank circulating cooling water. A ten-ton chiller is used to keep the test fluid at a near-ambient temperature.
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Particles are added to the test fluid through the open-top tank, using an electric mixer to promote particle suspension.
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The differential pressure across the
test article is measured throughout
testing using a differential pressure
transducer. For measurements that
exceed the range of the differential
pressure transducer, the differential
pressure is calculated from the
upstream and downstream static
pressure measurements.
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The test operator reviews and records the differential pressure, static pressure, flow rate, and temperature measurements throughout the flow testing.
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Three differently ranged scales are used to weigh items weighing between 0.0001g and 50 lb. A scale is used to measure the mass of small test articles, such as sand screen coupons, before and after erosion testing. The change in mass of the test specimen is a good indication of the severity of erosion.
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The prime mover for Erosion Rig A is a progressive cavity pump. This pump was designed for handling solid particulate and can produce flow rates up to 40 gpm at 700 psig.
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The test article can be connected to the flow loop using flanges, shown disconnected in this virtual tour. Flexible hoses are used to facilitate vertical installation of the screen coupon test fixture at the metal stand.
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SwRI has two pre-fabricated test fixtures that are available for customer use for testing full-bore sand screens. The fixtures are designed for 3 1/2” and 6 5/8” base pipe sizes.
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The operator of the large-scale erosion test facility can monitor the flow rate, pressure, and temperature measurements through a custom software program. The software is automated to be able to maintain a constant flow rate or constant differential pressure across the test article, without operator intervention. For safe unattended operation, the flow loop is equipped with automated shutdowns for high fluid temperature, high pressure, and low tank volume.
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A heat lamp is used to expedite the drying of test articles and samples of particles that are taken from the sand slurry.
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Cooling coils run through the tank and are connected to a 5-ton chilling system. long. The fluid is chilled to prevent a gradual temperature rise and maintain ambient temperature fluid.
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A sonic sieve is utilized to perform MPP testing per ISO 17824:2009 - Annex C and FCP testing on sand screen coupons.
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A PC-enabled microscope can be used to photograph particles or test articles up to 90x magnification. Measurements can be made in the areas of erosion using a built-in feature of the microscope software.
Maximum Particle Passed Analysis (MPP) - SwRI can perform MPP testing in accordance with
ISO 17824:2009 - Annex C. In this test, a given mass of precision-sized, spherical ceramic beads is placed on top of the screen and then agitated using a sonic sieve. The beads that are smaller than the mesh pore size fall through the screen and are collected below the screen. These beads are then placed in a Petri dish and photographed at high magnification. SwRI’s proprietary in-house developed image-processing software is then applied to the photographs to identify the d100, the diameter of the biggest particle, and the d97, the diameter of the bead in the 97th percentile. The d100 and d97 are used to characterize the maximum screen gap. The use of these two metrics increases the statistical robustness of the measuring method.
Filter Cut Point Analysis (FCP) – A bottle of image analysis standard glass beads is poured out on top of the sand screen coupon and then agitated using a sonic sieve. The solids produced through the screen are collected and weighed. The weight of retained particles is matched to a curve provided by the bead manufacturer that correlates particle size and cumulative particle weight.
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The temperature of the test fluid is measured directly upstream of the test article. The temperature measurement is continuously recorded while flowing.
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After a slurry sample is weighed, a vacuum pump is used to separate the water from the particles.
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If ultrasonic cleaning is not recommended for the test article, an air chuck can be used to help remove particles that have become wedged in the test article.
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A custom data acquisition system and software program are used to continuously record the upstream and downstream pressure, differential pressure across the test article, fluid temperature, and flow rate from Erosion Rig B during flow testing.
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Static and differential pressure transducers are used for continuous pressure measurement at the test article.
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An oven is used to effectively dry
slurry particles and small test articles
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An open-top tank is used to add liquid and solid particulates to the flow loop. An electric mixer is used to promote thorough mixing and keep the particles suspended in the tank.
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The operator can view the flow rate, pressure, and temperature measurements of ongoing testing at Rig C while analyzing the test articles in the erosion lab.
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An ultrasonic flow meter is used to measure the flow rate through the test article.
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SwRI designed and fabricated a custom test fixture to evaluate three-inch diameter sand screen coupons. This test fixture is available for customer use. The upstream pipe section contains a flow straightener to reduce the effects of eddies and currents that could be imparted on the test article by the upstream piping configuration.
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The prime mover for Erosion Rig B is a progressive cavity pump that is designed for handling fluid with large solid particulates. The pump is capable of producing flow rates up to 85 gpm at 250 psi.
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Drain tanks are used to collect the solids after testing is completed.
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Erosion Rig B is an erosive flow test facility that was designed for testing sand screen coupons and smaller test articles. The facility is capable of long-duration flow testing with erosive particulates. The flow lines are designed to keep the particles suspended, limiting low-velocity regions.
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An ultrasonic cleaner is used to remove any remaining particles from test articles so, they can be weighed after erosive testing to determine mass loss.
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The large-scale erosion flow loop, Rig C, is designed to perform erosion flow testing on larger test articles, such as full-sized sand screens and inflow control devices, where high velocity flow and large differential pressures can lead to erosion of equipment and loss of functionality.
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Erosion Rig A is similar to Erosion Rig B, as it was also designed for testing sand screen coupons in erosive flow. Having two facilities readily available for sand screen coupon testing speeds up testing programs and reduces schedule delays.
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A control valve downstream of the test article is used to regulate backpressure increasing the pressure on the downstream side of the test article. The flow control valve was specifically designed to withstand erosive flow.
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Particles are introduced into the fluid stream through the open-top tank. A mixer is used to keep the particles suspended in the tank as the fluid recirculates.
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The prime mover for Erosion Rig C is a diaphragm pump capable of producing flow rates up to 85 gpm at a pressure of 1,000 psi with solid particulates (up to 4,500 ppmw). This pump is adjusted using variable frequency drives (VFDs) to control the flow of liquid circulating through the test article and is capable of fully automatic control using custom software.
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A large stand is used to connect the test article to the flow loop in the vertical orientation. If desired, the test section can be reconfigured for horizontal test article installation.
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A centrifugal pump is installed upstream of the diaphragm pump in order to increase the suction pressure at the diaphragm pump. This ensures that the net positive suction head requirement of the diaphragm pump is met and prevents cavitation across the pump.